Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
France, south-west, modern Gascony; historic county between the Adour and Garonne rivers, roughly equivalent to the modern department of Gers; major towns: Auch, Aignan; ceded to the English crown in 1360 under the treaty of Brétigny; John I of Armagnac, appealed to Charles V in 1369 in protest against the harsh rule of Edward, prince of Aquitaine.
France, Central Pyrenees, roughly equivalent to the modern departments of Ariège, Haute-Garonne, Gers and Hautes-Pyrénées. County belonging to the duchy of Aquitaine.
France, south-west; occupied most of the modern Hautes-Pyrénées; capital: Tarbes; other towns: Lourdes, Bagnères-de-Bigorre, Tournay, Lannemezan; confiscated by Philip IV of France in 1292; ceded to the English crown in 1360 under the treaty of Brétigny; recaptured by the French with the aid of the count of Foix after 1370.
France, central region at the heart of the Massif Central covering approximately the modern departments of Cantal, Puy-de-Dôme and (parts of) Haute-Loire; bounded to the north by the duchy of Bourbon, the west by Limousin, the south by Viadene, the south-east by Gévaudan and the south-west by Quercy. Major towns: Clermont, Montferrand and Riom.
France, centre (modern departments of Corrèze, Creuse and Haute-Vienne); bounded to the north-east by La Marche, the east by Auvergne, the north-west by Poitou, the west by Périgord and Angoumois, and the south by Quercy. Principal city: Limoges, many of whose surrounding fortresses (including Chalusset, Rochechouart, Isle, Châlus, etc) were occupied by routier garrisons during the early 1370s.
France, region in the west bounded by Anjou and Touraine to the north, Berry and Limousin to the east, Angoumois to the south, Aunis, La Rochelle and the Atlantic to the west, and Saintonge to the south-west; ceded to the English crown in 1360 under the Treaty of Brétigny; reconquered by Du Guesclin and granted as an apanage to the duke of Berry in 1372.
Anjou is a former duchy and province in the lower Loire Valley of western France. It corresponds largely to the present-day department of Maine-et-Loire.
Duchy to the north-west of the Île-de-France, bordered by the Channel; governed by the Dauphin Charles, as Lieutenant of Normandy, until his accession to the French throne in 1364.
Isabeau de Bavière (1371? - 1435), daughter of Etienne or Stephen II, duke of Bavaria, and Thadea Visconti. She married Charles VI in Amiens cathedral only two days after their engagement in 1385. Her official entry to Paris in 1389 opens Book IV of the Chroniques, and Froissart describes these festivities in great detail.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
Isabeau de Bavière (1371? - 1435), daughter of Etienne or Stephen II, duke of Bavaria, and Thadea Visconti. She married Charles VI in Amiens cathedral only two days after their engagement in 1385. Her official entry to Paris in 1389 opens Book IV of the Chroniques, and Froissart describes these festivities in great detail.
Philippe, known as 'the Bold', duke of Burgundy (1342 - 1404), fourth son of Jean II of France and Bonne of Luxemburg. The duke of Burgundy was a prominent figure in the government of France during the reign of his nephew Charles VI, especially after 1392 when the king began to suffer from recurring bouts of insanity that gave the dukes of Berry and Burgundy the opportunity to seize power from Charles VI's trusted administrators, known as the Marmousets. Philippe married Margaret de Male, countess of Flanders, and this marriage eventually not only reunited the duchy of Burgundy with the 'free' counties of Burgundy and Artois, but also brought the wealthy counties of Flanders, Nevers and Rethel under the control of the duke of Burgundy. Thus this marriage alliance, and the consequent marriages of the duke of Burgundy's children, created the basis for the Grand Duchy of the West, a quasi-independent state rather than a mere fief of the French crown.
João I had indeed tried to delay the marriage and probably kept the duke of Lancaster in ignorance for a time of the reason for this delay, but there is no evidence that this was because of the impending attack on England by the French host. Russell notes that a hitch had occurred in João's request for papal dispensation from the vows of celibacy which he had taken, and that the Portuguese king was waiting for a confirmation from Rome that the matter had been satisfactorily settled; see Russell, English Intervention, p. 449-50.
et a son conseil. Le roy les prennoit toutes en grant bien et adjoustoit grant verité et se confortoit sus, et aussi les chevaliers de France ne lui recordoient fors pour veri té. Car ilz tenoient le roy de France et sa puissance passéz en Angleterre et, comme renommee couroit, partout en Espaigne, Gallice et Portingal. Et sachiéz que on n’en disoit pas le quart
au duc de Lancastre que ces gens en ouoient dire et compter, pellerins et marcheans qui venoient de Flandres, de quoy le roy de Portingal, quoyque sou vent escripsist salus au duc de Lancas tre, s’en dissimuloit de luy trop haster d’en voer querre Phelippe de Lancastre que il de voit prendre a femme. Car pour cer tain ses gens luy disoyent que nou velles venoyent de France et de Flandres que Angleterre estoit en trop grant adven ture d’estre toute exillee, et celle estoit le confort du duc de Lancastre, ne le maria ge de sa fille ne lui vauldroit neant, pourquoy couvertement et moyenne ment il se demenoit de ses besoingnes et vouloit veoir la fin, quelle elle seroit, mais par lettres et par meissages il tenoit tousjours a amour le duc et la duchesce571.
¶ Nous
nous souffrerons un petit a parler des besoingnes de Cas tille et de Portingal et parlerons de ceulx de France.
SHF 3-116syncEn ce temps les apparances estoient si grandes de planté de naves, de gallees, de vaisseaulx, de ballengniers pour passer le roy de France oultre, et ses gens, en Angleterre, que le plus vieil homme n’avoit point veü ne ouy par ler de la cause pareille. Et les seigneurs et leurs gens arrivoient et applouvo ient de tous léz, et se tenoient chevaliers et es cuiers, quant ilz se partoient de leurs
With this setting, every word becomes a link to the online Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (DMF). Clicking on a word opens a window listing relevant entries on the DMF website.